Effect of Exercise Training on Neurohumoral Activation in Chronic Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The progression of chronic heart failure is largely influenced by neurohumoral activities which may also be in charge to exacerbate the symptoms of heart failure. Excessive vasoconstriction, persistent tachycardia, related cardiac arrhythmias, and fluid retention which may lead to hypertension, are caused by elevated catecholamines and sympathetic nervous sytem activation. There is growing evidence that patients with chronic heart failure who engage in exercise training have lower resting sympathetic neural activation. Objective: This study aims to compared the neurohumoral activities in chronic heart failure patients undergo exercise training. Methods: The controlled studies of neurohumoral effect of exercise training in English published 2000-2024 from PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, Google-Scholar are systematically reviewed. The indicators include the change in cathecolamine’s level and its end effect, such as heart rate variability, blood pressure, plasma renin level, and cardiomyocyte neurohormone. Bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool (ROBINS-I) and study quality assessed with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: The final qualitative analysis included 24 studies. Brain Natridiuretic Peptide/N-Terminal Pro-B type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP/NT-ProBNP) become the dominating indicator from those studies, as it is a neurohormone from cardiomyocyte. Most of the studies show a decreased neurohumoral activation after the exercise training (namely lowered neuropedtide, increased heart rate variability, lowered resting and maximum blood pressure), but only few of them significant. The different types of exercise also contribute to the different result. Conclusion: Our evaluations indicate that exercise training does have a reducing influence on neurohumoral activity, which could prompt more research into various forms of exercise training. Keyword: Exercise Training, Heart Failure, Neurohumoral activity, Sympathetic Nervous System
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".