Electrochemical Sensor Using ZnO-MWCNTs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Simultaneous Detection of Isoniazid and Levofloxacin
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE, a carbon paste electrode modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), has proven to be highly effective in the simultaneous electroanalysis of isoniazid (INH) and levofloxacin (LVF). The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing an average particle diameter of 32.5 nm. The surface morphology of ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE was analyzed by SEM, while its electrochemical performance was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The ZnO-MWCNTs-CPE exhibited a significantly enhanced electrochemical response with well-defined and distinct oxidation peaks compared to the unmodified CPE. Under optimal conditions, the DPV measurements showed a linear working range of 6.25 × 10 −8 M to 3.66 × 10 −4 M for INH and 8.39 × 10 −8 M to 7.41 × 10 −4 M for LVF, with detection limits of 2.18 nM and 2.89 nM, respectively. This electrochemical sensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for simultaneously determining INH and LVF in pharmaceutical formulations, blood, and urine samples.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it