Analysis of the interface properties of multi-material fused filament fabricated (FFF) printed polymer composite structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interface characteristics in multi-material 3D-printed (MM3DP) structures are a critical factor in determining the strength of the structures and predicting failure. This study investigated the shear behavior of multi-material single-lap joints fabricated entirely in a single process using Fused Filament Fabrication without the use of adhesives or post-processing techniques such as welding. The joints, comprising various combinations of PLA, PETG, and carbon-fiber reinforced PETG (PETC) were fabricated. The lap joints were subjected to shear testing, with strain fields and failure locations analyzed using two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC) from synchronized front and side camera views. Results show that certain multi-material joints, particularly PETG-PETC, achieved a shear strength of 2.701 MPa, comparable to the 2.923 MPa strength of the strongest homogenous joint (PLA-PLA), and exceeding that of other homogenous joints. The presence of short carbon-fibers in PETC enhances adhesion, likely due to mechanical interlocking taking place at the interface region. These findings demonstrate that multi-material FFF, when optimized for interface compatibility and process parameters, can yield composite structures with superior mechanical properties compared to single-material prints. The successful fabrication of lap joints in a single print process highlights the feasibility of producing robust, functional multi-material components for advanced engineering applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".