Correlations among Antibacterial Efficacy in Dentinal Tubules, pH, and Calcium Ion Release of 5 Premixed Calcium Silicate-based Sealers in a Novel ex vivo Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Introduction</h3> To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five premixed calcium silicate-based sealers in infected dentinal tubules using a novel <i>ex vivo</i> model, and to investigate correlations among antibacterial efficacy, pH, and calcium ion release. <h3>Methods</h3> Forty human premolars with a single canal were selected and stored in 0.01% NaOCl solution at 4 °C. The teeth were sectioned to obtain 64 dentin blocks, which were sterilized and inoculated with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> for 3 weeks. Four infected blocks were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Sixty infected blocks were fitted into 3D-printed teeth and assigned to six groups based on the sealer used: Control, BIO-C SEALER ION<sup>+</sup> (BIOC<sup>+</sup>), EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow (HF), EndoSequence BC Sealer (BC), NeoSEALER Flo (NEO), and BioRoot Flow (BRF). Specimens were subsequently obturated using the single-cone technique. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated at 1 and 4 weeks using viability staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Leachates from sealer discs were collected to analyze pH and calcium ion at day 1, 1 week, and 4 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, unpaired t-test, and Spearman's correlation (α = 0.05). <h3>Results</h3> At 1 and 4 weeks after obturation, no significant differences in antibacterial efficacy were observed among the sealer groups; all groups exhibited significantly higher antibacterial efficacy at 4 weeks compared to 1 week (<i>P</i> < .05). At day 1, 1 week, and 4 weeks, all sealers exhibited pH values above 11, with significant differences observed among them at each time point (<i>P</i> < .05). Calcium ion concentrations differed significantly among sealers at all time points (<i>P</i> < .05). HF, BC, and BRF showed higher pH values and calcium ion concentrations than BIOC<sup>+</sup> and NEO at all time points (<i>P</i>< .05). A strong positive correlation was found between pH values and calcium ion concentrations at all time points (<i>P</i> < .05). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The tested premixed calcium silicate-based sealers demonstrated similar antibacterial efficacy in dentinal tubules, despite variations in pH and calcium ion release.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".