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Record W4411067444 · doi:10.3390/pr13061786

Optimization of the TPMS Heat Exchanger Toward Cooling the Heat Sink

2025· article· en· W4411067444 on OpenAlex
M. Ziad Saghir, Mahsa Hajialibabaei, Oraib Al‐Ketan

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueProcesses · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicHeat Transfer and Optimization
Canadian institutionsToronto Metropolitan University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHeat sinkHeat exchangerPlate fin heat exchangerHeat spreaderPlate heat exchangerMoving bed heat exchangerMicro heat exchangerSink (geography)Materials scienceMechanicsEnvironmental scienceThermodynamicsMechanical engineeringNuclear engineeringEngineeringPhysics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The subject of the current paper is cooling heat sinks using the TPMS structure. An experiment was conducted using water and a mixture of 10% vol. ethylene glycol in water, which was used to cool heat sinks in the presence of the TPMS structure. The gyroid was developed using 3D printing with three different porosities: 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9, respectively. The shell network is a single domain, and fluid is circulated at various flow rates. A comparison with the numerical model, as simulated using COMSOL software (version 6.2), showed good agreement. A uniform temperature distribution is a clear indication of uniform cooling. Then, the TPMS structure is changed from one domain to two unconnected domains, and a different flow rate is applied to each domain entry. This approach is unique in that it investigates the cooling of the heat sink with a two-domain structure, which has not been previously studied. The novelty of this paper lies in utilizing two TPMS structure domains to cool the heat sink. Thus, dual-domain TPMS heat sinks are implemented and optimized with separate inlets. Statistical testing of the model for the Nusselt number and the performance evaluation criterion is performed using Fisher’s statistical test to analyze variance (ANOVA). It was found that the cooling heat sink is more accurate with two-domain systems. The average Nusselt number polynomial is found to vary linearly with the two-inlet velocity, the porosity and the fluid Prandtl number. Similar linearity is found for the performance evaluation criterion. The optimum Nusselt number equals 77, the PEC equals 49 for a porosity of 0.85, and the Prandtl number is 36.9.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.990
Threshold uncertainty score0.206

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.224
Teacher spread0.211 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it