Oxygen Minimum‐Zone Expansion Controls Critical Metal Enrichment and Growth Rates in a Ferromanganese Crust From the Central Pacific Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts (FMCs) rich in critical metals [for example, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and rare‐earth elements plus yttrium (REY)] are known as promising mineral resources for the transition to a net‐zero carbon emission future. The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) has an important influence on the formation of FMCs, but its controlling mechanism for the enrichment of critical metals in FMCs is poorly constrained, hindering a fuller understanding of and exploration for critical metal‐rich FMCs. The studied FMC (∼2,000 m depth) collected just below the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; ∼300–1,000 m depth) in the central Pacific Ocean records the OMZ expansion during FMC formation; key evidence of this is changes in the size of the positive Ce anomaly and positive shifts in δ 15 N values. Our data indicate that OMZ expansion reduces FMCs growth rates over time, with texture transitions from dendritic to botryoidal. The OMZ expansion contributes to an increase in Mn oxides with Co and Ni enrichment and a decrease in the Fe oxyhydroxides and REY content. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of global OMZ expansion in influencing the growth dynamics of FMCs and the accumulation of critical metals, which is crucial for understanding the enrichment and cycling of critical metals in the deep ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".