Inland Refugee Determination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Refugees 213 fees and easing some financial requirements that resident family members must demonstrate to show they can support applicants.Widening access to education pathways is another option.Currently Canada has one long-standing program coordinated by the World University Services of Canada.Within this program, some 150 refugees gain admission yearly and receive support from participating colleges, universities, and students to complete their studies and remain in Canada.Over 2,200 refugees have been admitted to Canada in this program since its inception in 1978.56 Given Canada's need for more skilled workers -and its immigration targets for the coming years -there would seem to be ample justification for supporting this complementary pathway and scaling it up. Inland Refugee DeterminationThe Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 made significant changes to Canada's refugee determination process.As noted, it extended protection -taking it beyond those who met the 1951 Convention refugee definition -to those who would be at risk of torture, death, or cruel and unusual treatment if returned to their country of nationality.57 In a legislative first, it also provided for the right to appeal a refugee decision to an independent specialized Refugee Appeal Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board.However, it was not until 2012 that the Appeal Division was established and whose members would be appointed by the federal Cabinet.Expanding who qualified for Canadian protection and establishing a specialized Refugee Appeal Division were progressive changes introduced in the act.However, over the years, the act has been amended in a manner that has narrowed access to Canada's 56 World University Services of Canada, "Student Refugee Program-Finding Hope in Higher Education," accessed 16 July 2024, https://srp.wusc.ca/.57 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, s. 97.This extended definition was intended to give effect to Canada's obligations under the 1984 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.58 Human Rights Watch, "Sri Lanka: Events of
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.056 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".