Introduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a Crossroads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada's rise from a minor colonial outpost into a dynamic, multicultural nation was powered by immigrants.Immigration policy was central to the country's transformation into one of the leading democracies in the world.As the country charts its course through the first quarter of the twenty-first century, immigration policy remains a key component of national policy.It has been far from static.Over the past twenty years, Canadian immigration policy has undergone seismic shifts.Notably, the selection criteria for all three major immigrant streams -economic, family, and refugee -have been significantly revised and the process for selecting economic immigrants, constituting 60 per cent of admissions, thoroughly overhauled.As well, the rules and procedures governing the exclusion and removal of immigrants have been tightened as have the criteria for obtaining Canadian citizenship.Throughout, annual immigration levels have swelled, amplifying the ramifications.Having hovered around 250,000 for two decades, they close to doubled by 2024.Despite the disruption of the COVID-19 global pandemic, 2023 saw 471,000 immigrants welcomed to Canada. 1 Simultaneously, the number of temporary Introduction: Canadian Immigration Policy at a Crossroads 1 Immigration statistics in this paragraph are as presented in figures 2-7 in the appendix.The current annual immigration targets are published in Marc Miller, 2023 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration (Ottawa: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, 2023), https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2023 /ircc/Ci1-2023-eng.pdf.and International Students than What Is Projected for 2023," 11 September 2023, https://nanos.co/canadians-prefer-that-canada-accepts-fewer-immigrants-and -international-students-than-what-is-projected-for-2023-globe-nanos/.See also, Marie Woolf, "Poll Finds More than Half of Canadians Want Fewer Immigrants than Ottawa's Target," Globe and Mail, 11 September 2023, https://www.theglobeandmail .com/politics/article-poll-finds-more-than-half-of-canadians-want-fewer-immigrants -than/; Mitchell Consky, "Mortgages, Inflation and Immigration among Top Concerns for Canadians in 2024: Nanos Survey," CTV News,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.103 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".