Multidimensional Regional Development in EU: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Regional disparities within the EU remain a persistent challenge, demanding comprehensive research. Enhancing cohesion and convergence while promoting sustainability between and within its regions is crucial to addressing these disparities. This study conducts a systematic literature review on regional development in the EU, identifying key determinants and potential sources of these disparities through a multidimensional lens. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses methodology, our database considers 92 papers related to regional development in the EU. Our analysis shows that most studies predominantly focus on economic factors like employment and GDP, and there is an emerging recognition of the necessity to incorporate social and environmental aspects into regional development studies. This study maps the current state of literature and identifies gaps, particularly the need for more multidimensional and holistic approaches on regional development. These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach in future research and policymaking are crucial for addressing regional disparities and promoting sustainable development across the EU regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.070 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.017 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".