Partial Structural Characterization of Complex Polysaccharide Isolated from Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) Bark and its Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The rationale of the present novel research was to report the properties of a major complex polysaccharide from an aqueous extract of sugar maple bark obtained after catalytic organosolv pulping of the maple bark, which impacted the chemical composition of residual liquor. By using such an aqueous extract of bark, a complex polysaccharide was obtained through ultrafiltration, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, which was named WSF-3, as the third eluted polysaccharide sub-fraction. Partial polymer and structural characterization revealed that WSF-3 had an average molecular weight of 21.5 kDa and consisted of a backbone of glucose residues (87.2%) linked together by α-(1 → 6) glycosidic bonds. The presence of galactose (9.8%) and rhamnose (3.1%) units may represent polysaccharide impurities as their structures have not been confirmed belonging to the glucan structure. If this was the case, WSF-3 could be similar to dextran, polysaccharide previously reported in sugar maple sap. An anti-inflammatory assay indicated that WSF-3 along with WE and its polysaccharide-rich fraction, all at 100 μg/mL, inhibited TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that the concentrated WSF-3 was responsible, at least in part, for the anti-inflammatory effect of WE, suggest that WSF-3 could have therapeutic implications in the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory-related diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".