Anthropogenic Hybridization Contributes to the Naturalization of Introduced Domestic Mallards ( <i>Anas platyrhynchos</i> ) at the Expense of Native New Zealand Gray Ducks ( <i>A. s. superciliosa</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anthropogenically mediated hybridization can lead to several outcomes, with the most severe being hybrid swarms and the genetic extirpation of local populations. With the frequency of introductions by humans increasing, understanding the genetic consequences is critical for future conservation actions. Here, we investigate the consequences of domestic Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) introductions in New Zealand (NZ) on the genetic integrity of native NZ Gray Ducks ( Anas superciliosa superciliosa ; known locally as Pārera). Although presumed to be genetically extinct, pockets of pure Gray Ducks persist (around 9% of samples), with the western portion of the South Island as the core of their range. In contrast, introduced Mallards have experienced widespread introgression from Gray Ducks that has likely facilitated their rapid establishment and expansion throughout NZ. Moreover, levels of gene flow and divergent selective pressures have resulted in NZ Mallards no longer genetically resembling their original stock and instead have resulted in a hybrid swarm. Estimates of genomic vulnerability for NZ Mallards suggest higher resiliency to future ecological changes as compared to local NZ Gray Ducks. While conservation of NZ's uniquely adapted Gray Duck should remain the priority, we discuss the evolutionary implications of naturalization resulting from anthropogenic hybridization for a now self‐sustaining Mallard population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".