Effects of exercise with or without a hypocaloric diet on intermuscular and intramuscular fat: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intermuscular (InterMAT) and intramuscular (IntraMAT) adipose tissues are key contributors to skeletal muscle function and metabolic health. OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the impact of different types of exercise with or without a hypocaloric diet on reducing InterMAT and IntraMAT in various muscle tissues. METHOD: A literature search was performed via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until February 2025. Eligible RCTs examined the effects of exercise compared to control in adults > 18 years. A narrative synthesis was employed with a registered protocol at CRD42024511531. RESULTS: Nineteen RCTs were included in the systematic review. Resistance and aerobic exercise alongside a hypocaloric diet displayed inconsistent results in reducing thigh InterMAT. Under non-hypocaloric conditions there were consistently no alterations of InterMAT and IntraMAT irrespective of muscle tissue. When concurrent exercise was followed, no statistically significant changes were observed with or without a hypocaloric diet on thigh InterMAT and IntraMAT. Results were overall lacking in regards to resistance or aerobic exercise and IntraMAT due to the low number of studies. CONCLUSION: There is potential in reducing thigh InterMAT following resistance or aerobic exercise combined with a hypocaloric diet, although inconsistencies among studies were presented. However, irrespective of exercise type, under non-hypocaloric conditions no benefits were conferred on InterMAT and IntraMAT of any muscle tissue. Further research is warranted to determine the effects of different exercise intensities employing an adequate dietary and hypocaloric control on skeletal muscle InterMAT and particularly IntraMAT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".