Synergistic Effect of TiO2-Nanoparticles and Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms on the Physiological Parameters and Antioxidant Responses of Capsicum annum Cultivars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were synthesized using the molten salt method and systematically characterized. TiO2-NPs were evaluated for their capacity to promote the growth of Capsicum annuum cultivars together with the plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th). The variables analyzed included physiological parameters and antioxidant responses. The capacity of TiO2-NPs to scavenge free radicals was also investigated, along with their biocompatibility, using Artemia salina as an in vivo model. The results demonstrated that TiO2-NPs exhibited a nanocuboid-type morphology, negative surface charge, and small surface area. It was noted that TiO2-NPs enhanced the CFU and spore production of Bt (1.56–2.92 × 108 CFU/mL) and Th (2.50–3.90 × 108 spores/mL), respectively. It was observed that TiO2-NPs could scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals (IC50 48.66–109.94 μg/mL), while not compromising the viability of A. salina at 50–300 μg/mL. TiO2-NPs were determined to enhance the root length and fresh and dry weights of chili peppers. Similarly, TiO2-NPs in synergy with Bt and Th increased the activity of β-1,3-Glucanase (2.45 nkat/g FW) and peroxidase (69.90 UA/g FW) enzyme activity, and increased the TPC (29.50 GA/g FW). The synergy of TiO2-NPs with the PGPMs consortium also upregulated the total chlorophyll content: 210.8 ± 11.4 mg/mg FW. The evidence from this study unveils the beneficial application of TiO2-NPs with Bt and Th as an efficient approach to promote the physiology and antioxidant responses of chili peppers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".