Impact of the Hole-Transport Layer on the Thermal Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: An <i>Operando</i> X-ray Scattering Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid advancement of perovskite solar cells has produced devices with excellent power conversion efficiencies; they are now comparable to those of silicon-based technology. Where perovskite solar cells still lag behind their silicon counterparts is in device lifetime. The various instabilities of lead halide perovskites make understanding device failure mechanisms a very complex─but extremely important─task, and one of the most fundamental environmental stressors for a solar panel is heat. Here, we use thermal operando X-ray scattering experiments, combined with the ISOS-L-2 and L-1 test protocols, to determine how thermally induced changes in the perovskite crystal structure affect device performance. We demonstrate that the stability of the device is influenced not just by the perovskite but also by the choice of hole transport and electrode materials. Electrical bias is identified as an aggravating factor in the thermal degradation pathway. By identifying weak links in the device architecture, we highlight key targets for future work in the improvement of device lifetimes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".