Association Between Hormonal Factors and Risk of Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer in French Women: The <scp>E3N</scp> Prospective Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Significant sex disparities exist in the incidence of lung and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancers. Inverse relationships have often been observed between exposure to hormonal factors and these cancers. Data from epidemiological studies are still inconsistent. AIMS: We investigated the association between hormonal factors and the risk of cancers of the lung and UADT in French women. METHODS: E3N is a French prospective population-based cohort that recruited 98 995 women in 1990. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with age as the time scale. We also conducted a cluster analysis using the K-means method to assess distinct patterns of hormone exposure and the cancer risk associated with them. RESULTS: 91 114 women were included (398 lung and 157 UADT). We highlighted 6 distinct exposure patterns of hormonal exposure, but no significant association was noted with cancer risk. Concerning individual factors, shorter menstrual cycles (≤ 24 days) were associated with a higher risk of developing female lung cancer even among never smokers (HR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.01-3.01). Among never smokers, the risk of UADT was lower among women with at least 3 pregnancies compared to those with none (HR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.20-0.91). Menarche under 12 years was associated with a non-significant increase in the risk of UADT cancer among never smokers (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.95-3.26). CONCLUSION: Menstrual cycle length was significantly associated with higher risk lung cancer, while UADT cancer was inversely associated with the number of pregnancies. Our findings are widely consistent with the commonly adopted hypothesis of oestrogen deficiency as a mechanism for UADT risk but not for lung cancer. While larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, our study is novel, particularly for UADT cancer since our study is one of the first longitudinal studies among never smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03285230.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".