Monkeypox Virus Transcriptional Profiles and Host Responses in Skin Lesion Swabs Among Individuals With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mpox disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), remains a global health concern with nearly half of all cases occurring among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While recent studies have advanced our understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis, the molecular effects of mpox and HIV coinfection are still poorly understood. This study uses dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize host and viral gene expression in skin lesion swabs from people with mpox, including individuals with and without HIV. METHODS: Our cohort included 19 participants with confirmed MPXV infection, with 53 total skin lesion swabs collected during the early (7-13 days post-symptom onset) and late (15-21 days post-symptom onset) stages of mpox disease. RNA-seq was used to assess both host and MPXV gene expression over time in participants with and without HIV. RESULTS: HIV-positive participants showed upregulation of MPXV genes involved in immune evasion and viral replication. Conversely, host immune pathways, such as interferon signaling, apoptosis, and chemokine recruitment, were downregulated in participants with HIV. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed dysregulated immune signaling and autophagy, key processes for viral clearance. These findings suggest that HIV-related immunosuppression may enhance MPXV replication and prolong disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the use of dual RNA-seq in uncovering molecular interactions between host and virus during mpox infections. Our findings offer insights into how HIV coinfection may alter MPXV pathogenesis, with implications for treatment strategies and disease management in immunocompromised populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".