Forensic taphonomy, porcine analogues, and stable isotopes: changes in pig skin and muscle <i>δ</i> <sup>13</sup> C & <i>δ</i> <sup>15</sup> N during the early post-mortem interval in Atlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to provide preliminary regionally-specific taphonomic data in Atlantic Canada using porcine analogues. Six adult porcine analogues were left outdoors to decompose naturally in late summer, sampled every three days to measure δ13C and δ15N in both skin and muscle over a total of twelve days. Over the course of the study, as porcine analogues transitioned through the fresh, bloat, and active decay stages of decomposition, δ15Nmuscle became enriched from a mean starting value of 4.1‰, first detectable at day-6 in the bloat phase by a mean change of ∼0.5‰. No such enrichments were found in δ15Nskin, δ13Cskin, or δ13Cmuscle. This snapshot-in-time study provides important preliminary evidence that porcine muscle tissues become enriched in δ15N as decomposition progresses and is detectable in the very early post-mortem interval. Future research can expand these findings to further elucidate the potential of stable isotopes as a quantifier of post-mortem interval in humans, and further taphonomic research in the under-studied region of Atlantic Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".