The risk factors for asthma in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To identify risk factors for asthma in adolescents and provide a reference for disease management.Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane library were searched from inception to November 1st, 2024. The quality was evaluated by using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the New Ottawa Scal. The range of scores for inclusion in the study was 7–9. Heterogeneous results were pooled using a random-effects model and reported as odds ratio (OR).Results Fifteen studies comprising 73,314 participants were included. The results of forest map showed that a total of 12 risk factors were associated with asthma in adolescents. Previous hypersensitivity reaction (OR 2.87 [95% CI 2.50–3.31]; p < 0.001), history of family hypersensitivity reaction (OR 2.35 [95% CI 1.93–2.86]; p < 0.001), history of family asthma (OR 2.48 [95% CI 1.97–3.12]; p < 0.001), active smoking (OR 1.47 [95% CI 1.28, 1.69]; p < 0.001), exposure to secondhand smoke (OR 1.27 [95% CI 1.20–1.34]; p < 0.001), domestic animals (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.13–1.29]; p < 0.001), outdoor pollution (OR 1.27 [95% CI 1.15, 1.41]; p < 0.001), and biofuel (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.02–1.19]; p < 0.001), and obese/overweight (OR 1.26 [95% CI 1.13–1.40]; p < 0.001), private school (OR 1.82 [95% CI 1.52–2.18]; p < 0.001), and female (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.11–1.32]; p < 0.001) were found to be correlated.Conclusions This study may provide a reference to inform the development of preventive strategies and management of adolescent asthma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.025 | 0.034 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".