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Record W4411201977 · doi:10.1080/02757540.2025.2514488

Critical examination of soil metals distribution in the Copper Belt City of Lubumbashi (D.R. Congo): analysis of soil eukaryotic communities

2025· article· en· W4411201977 on OpenAlex
K. K. Nkongolo, John Banza Mukalay, Antoine K. Lubobo

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueChemistry and Ecology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicHeavy metals in environment
Canadian institutionsLaurentian University
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsCopperDistribution (mathematics)Soil testCopper mineEnvironmental scienceGeologySoil waterSoil scienceMetallurgyMaterials scienceMathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The main objectives of the present study are (1) To determine the dynamics of metal distribution around the main mining site in the Copper Belt City of Lubumbashi, and (2) to establish the soil eukaryotic profile in ecologically different sites. The highest levels of copper and cobalt were found at the remediated tailing and the mining sites with 9447 mg/kg and 1387 mg/kg for copper, and 2228 mg/kg and 817 mg/kg for cobalt, respectively. The total levels of these elements in urban areas located beyond 2 km from the mining site were, in most cases, low and below the levels expected to cause harm to the environment and humans. A close examination of the amplicon sequences revealed that Bigelwiella and Gymnochlora were among the top two most prevalent algae genera at each site. For metazoan populations, Mnemiopsis (48%) was the most dominant genus in the residential site, while Diadegma (41%) was the dominant genus in the agricultural dry land. Pseudosuccinea (23%) was predominant in agricultural wetland and Skrjabinema with 26% was the prevalent genus in the tailing. Soil metal content, pH and organic matter levels were not the driving factors of the variations in eukaryotic compositions and abundance.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.009
Threshold uncertainty score0.761

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.262
Teacher spread0.248 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it