First report of 3ANX toxin-producing <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> causing Fusarium head blight of barley in New Brunswick, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a serious threat to cereal crops, leading to substantial yield losses and grain contamination by mycotoxins. Certain F. graminearum chemotypes, notably those producing acetylated NX toxin (3ANX), pose unique challenges due to their potential impact on crop quality and safety. This study addresses a gap in current knowledge regarding the distribution of this toxin in Canada. Fusarium graminearum cultured from barley seed was characterized by PCR of the Tri1 gene and RFLP analysis following digestion with ApoI. Cell culture extracts from putative 3ANX isolates were then analyzed by LC-MS/MS to confirm the production of the 3ANX toxin. Pathogenicity was tested in barley spikes inoculated with 3ANX isolates. In total, 20 isolates from two regions and four different fields in New Brunswick (NB) were found to have the Tri1-NX marker and 19 were found to produce 3ANX toxin in culture. 3ANX isolates were found to be virulent on barley causing FHB disease and NX toxin was detected in infected barley spikes. This is the first report of the presence of the F. graminearum 3ANX chemotype in barley in NB, and builds on earlier reports of the presence of this chemotype in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The geographical spread of F. graminearum 3ANX chemotype could have implications for crop production and food safety in the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".