High-Efficiency Broadband Grating Out-Coupler for Thick Silicon Waveguides with a Tuned SiGe Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We design a novel grating out-coupler while maintaining a Gaussian-shaped far-field output. The approach is based on the patterning of a grating in a SiGe layeron the top surface of a 3-µm-thick Si waveguide. The grating aims at coupling the guided signal into a beam vertically out from the surface of the chip, i.e., out-coupling. The use of a high refractive index alloy, i.e., silicon-germanium, allows a tunability of the effective index of the guided mode and to modify the field distribution enabling a higher efficiency of the grating. It yields a theoretical efficiency of 75% at the central wavelength of 1583 nm. The overall length of this grating coupler is 500 µm, and the output light is detected at 1 m above the grating. This type of long grating coupler is intended to be eventually used as sensor in LiDAR (Light detection and ranging) applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".