Breastfeeding and parents’ socioeconomic status buffer dental developmental stress in female infants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and objectives: Linking adult health to early life is limited by a lack of retrospective biomarkers of stress tied to narrow windows of early development. Teeth serve as ideal data sources to examine early life because their hard tissues endure from infancy through adulthood as permanent records of developmental stress. This study examines if dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in permanent molars, a measure of instability and plastic responses to stress, is associated with biocultural factors during development. Methodology: Data were sourced from dental casts and health history records of 303 child participants of the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study. Dental FA was calculated from the first and second permanent molar intercuspal distances. Biocultural factors of parental, gestational, and childhood characteristics were grouped into latent dimensions using factor analysis of mixed data, then analyzed against FA using logistic regression separated by sex. Results: Breastfeeding and high and low parental socioeconomic status were associated with lower FA in females. No relationships were found between biocultural factors and FA in males. Conclusion and implications: The sex-specific results are likely due to differences in the nutritional needs of males and females during the first several postnatal months. Furthermore, dimorphism in energetic investment strategies, where males favor body growth while females favor system development, may be responsible for differences in how periods of physiological stress affect biological systems. These results argue for sex-specific investigations of stress biomarkers to better link early life with adult health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".