Maternal metabolizable energy intake during late gestation affects energy metabolism of the skeletal muscle of beef offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying levels of maternal metabolizable energy (ME) intake during late gestation on the changes in postnatal development of skeletal muscle in calves. A total of 42 primiparous (n = 21) and multiparous (n = 21) pregnant Angus-Simmental beef cows (680.8 ± 74.4 kg) were housed indoors at the Ontario Beef Research Center at the University of Guelph. Cows were blocked by predicted calving date, balanced by initial body weight and parity, and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment diets designed to provide 92% (LME, n = 16), 104% (CME, n = 13), or 118% (HME, n = 13) of predicted ME requirements, based on a 715 kg Angus cow with body condition score (BCS) 7 programmed to lose 2 BCS units over late gestation. All cows were managed under a planned moderate negative energy balance starting 53 d before expected calving. At birth, calves were weighed before suckling the dam, and again on day 209 at weaning. At 28 d of age, plasma and serum samples were collected for insulin, glucose, BHBA, and non-esterified fatty acids analysis. At 30 d of age Longissimus muscle samples were biopsied from the calves and were used for mRNA expression and protein abundance for energy metabolism. All statistical analyses were performed in SAS Studio, in a mixed model including the fixed effects of treatment and parity, and the random effect of sire. No differences were observed among treatments for calf birth weight, weaning weight, and metabolic profile. A lower mRNA expression of MYH1 was observed (P = 0.02) in the skeletal muscle of calves from the HME and LME groups compared to the CME. An increased mRNA expression of both MYH2a (P = 0.04) and MYH2 × (P = 0.01) was observed in calves from LME compared to HME, suggesting potential alterations in muscle fiber composition that may influence metabolic efficiency and growth performance. A greater mRNA expression of PPARα (P = 0.04), PPARGC1α (P = 0.04), and MEF2A (P = 0.01) were observed in calves from the LME group compared to the HME. A greater AMPK activity was observed (P = 0.01) in the skeletal muscle of calves from the LME group compared to CME and HME. In contrast, Akt activity was greater in HME and LME groups compared to CME (P = 0.01). Our findings suggest that maternal ME intake affected the muscle energy metabolism of the offspring, the oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and the use of muscle fiber-type fuel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".