Fruit Availability and Maternal Energy Expenditure Associated With Infant Independence in an Arboreal Primate (<i>Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A range of ecological and social factors have been shown to affect early-life behaviour in mammals. Primate infants are altricial and thus unable to move independently at birth. As a result, infants in some species are continuously held or carried (handled) by their mother or another caregiver (allomother). Variation in the amount of time infants move independently can provide insight into the costs and benefits associated with this developmental milestone. In this study, we sought to investigate what environmental conditions are associated with independence in an arboreal primate, the Rwenzori Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii). We followed 29 infants from birth until 4 months, collecting data on whether the infant was handled or independent. We report the age-sex make up of infant handlers and show that fruit availability was positively associated with infant independence, and maternal movement frequency was negatively associated with infant independence. We suggest that greater maternal energy balance during early infancy allows mothers to divert more energy to infants, promoting their independent movement. Further research should assess the maternal physiology underlying these trends and whether earlier independent movement has long-term fitness effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".