Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Holy Quran is last divine book of righteousness for mankind. Allah Almighty has himself ensured its security and sanctity. This article also discusses about the contributions of Imam Abdul Karim Bin Hawasn Qushari in the field of Tassawwuf. This article is about Tassawwuf and Sufism and it tells us about nature and evolution of Sufism. Some orientalists endeavored always to make objections and allegations on Tassawwuf and its source. They tried to prove that Sufism does not belong to Islam. The capital sources of the Tassawwuf and Sufism are the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم). This article explains that the real source of Tassawwuf is verses of Holy Quran and traditions of the Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم). Tassawwuf has been also narrated in this article. Examples of Tassawwuf have been given from Quran and Hadith. Opinion of Sufi masters has been included. Important Books written about Tassawwuf have also been discussed briefly. Many other Sufism writers’ opinion have also been written in this topic. The sources of Tassawwuf remain the topic of criticism and discussion among the Islamic and non-Islamic critic. The orientalists stated that the Tassawwuf is dependent in its existence to the Christianity and other religions, but the argument and justifications of critic in this regard are baseless and reasonless.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.983 | 0.985 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".