Effects of different spraying periods and concentrations of paclobutrazol on the lodging resistance and yield of high-quality japonica rice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Lodging is a critical limiting factor affecting stable rice production in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Methods This study aims to clarify the optimal spraying period and concentration of paclobutrazol for high-quality japonica rice by examining its effects on the mechanical, morphological, and metabolic characteristics of the stem. A clean water treatment (CK) was established alongside five spraying periods (S1: July 19; S2: July 26; S3: August 2; S4: August 9; S5: August 16) with three spraying concentrations (LP: 100 mg L-1; MP: 200 mg L-1; HP: 300 mg L-1). Results and discussion The results indicate that the MP treatment during the S4 period resulted in a yield increase of 2.3–11.8% while reducing the lodging index by 15.8-25.5%. In the early stages of spraying (S1, S2 and S3), the lodging resistance of rice was primarily enhanced by reducing plant height, but led to a significant decrease in the spikelets per panicle and grain filling, ultimately resulting in reduced yield. In the later stages of spraying (S4 and S5), lodging resistance was mainly improved by increasing internode diameter and culm wall thickness, which concurrently resulted in a significant increase in the grain filling. Although high concentrations of paclobutrazol in each period can reduce the lodging index, they are not conducive to yield formation. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the lodging index and both the internode diameter and the culm wall thickness. Non-target metabolism indicated that the significant increase in mandelonitrile and sarcosine content within cyanoamino acids metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism during S4, might be the primary metabolic factors promoting the development and thickness of stem walls. Additionally, the increase in pheophytin-a in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, along with leucine in valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, may be the key contributors to the enhancement of rice lodging resistance and stable yield when treated with an appropriate concentration of paclobutrazol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".