You are on your own, kid: parental effects impair a ubiquitous copepod's ability to recover from extreme events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parental environments can positively or negatively influence offspring phenotypes through non-genetic inheritance known as parental effects. Our understanding of these mechanisms across generations during simultaneous extreme events, such as marine heatwaves (MHW) and hypoxia, is however very limited. This is particularly true when parents and offspring experience highly contrasting environments. Additionally, the potential for females and males to show contrasting responses to these parental effects is largely overlooked. Our study tested the recovery potential of the cosmopolitan and highly abundant copepod Acartia tonsa, following parental exposure to hypoxia and MHW. Parents (F1) were exposed for five days to the isolated or combined effects of hypoxia and MHW. Following hatching, their offspring (F2) were returned to control conditions for the rest of their life cycle. Copepods' survival, prosome length, metabolic rate and heat tolerance were measured in adult males and females (F1-F2) to assess the effect of parental exposure on offspring's sex-specific life-history and physiological performances when adult. Reaction norms between the two generations reveal that the direction of changes in the F2 phenotypes was treatment-dependent and sex-specific. Strong negative parental effects were also observed for all traits, with the exception of metabolic rates, following parental exposure to the MHW condition in isolation. Our results highlight the need to investigate in depth the long-lasting effects of extreme events, as the legacy of stress we report here could limit species' ability to recover from successive MHW events and impact species persistence in a changing ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".