Role of ground motion characteristics in liquefaction triggering and lateral displacements of sloping grounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of ground motion characteristics on liquefaction triggering and liquefaction-induced response of sloping grounds, identifying the significance of each in predicting the system response. A three-stage harmonic waveform with varying peak ground acceleration (PGA), number of cycles at PGA ( N hold ), and motion frequency ( f ) is applied at the base of mildly sloping soil columns, representing infinite sloping grounds. The soil columns are considered with different heights and slopes, each with different depth, thickness, and density of an embedded liquefiable layer. Fully coupled nonlinear dynamic analyses are conducted in OpenSees using the SANISAND-MSf v2 soil constitutive model, assessing the peak depth-averaged excess pore water pressure ratio in the liquefiable layer and the end-of-motion surface lateral displacement as engineering demand parameters (EDPs). Results show that increasing PGA enhances both EDPs, while distinct response patterns are observed at various motion frequencies, influenced by the natural frequency of the liquefied soil column. Higher N hold increases excess pore water pressure generation and surface lateral displacements, as the soil remains in the post-liquefaction stage for a longer duration. An exploration of the relative significance of these characteristics on system responses reveals that PGA has a significantly greater contribution to the liquefaction triggering EDP compared to f and N hold . For liquefaction-induced EDP, f is the most influential factor, followed by PGA and N hold , which contribute similarly. These insights guide the selection of efficient intensity measures for predicting liquefaction triggering and liquefaction-induced response of sloping grounds. • Validated NDA reveals role of motion characteristics in liquefiable slope response • PGA and number of cycles intensify liquefaction triggering and lateral displacements • Impact of frequency depends on the natural frequency of the liquefied system • PGA contributes more to liquefaction triggering than frequency and number of cycles • Lateral displacement is mainly influenced by frequency, then PGA and number of cycles
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".