Robust microwave-optical photon conversion using cavity modes strongly hybridized with a color center ensemble
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A microwave-optical converter with high efficiency (>50%) and low added noise ( ≪ 1 photon) could enable the creation of scalable optical quantum networks. However, integrated converters demonstrated to date are too lossy or weakly non-linear to provide this performance. Here we develop a theory of microwave-optical conversion employing an ensemble of spin-bearing color centers strongly coupled to a photonic resonator and/or a superconducting microwave resonator. We find a counterintuitive operating point where microwave and optical photons are tuned to bare center/cavity resonances, which, compared to the weak-coupling limit, has much stronger non-linearity, offering high efficiency with reduced pump- and center-induced losses, and that is robust to inhomogeneous broadening. Taking color center and optical pump-induced losses into account, we predict ~ 95% efficiency and added noise ≪ 1 quanta at low ( μ W) pump powers for both Er- and T-centers in Si. Our results open new pathways to build quantum networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".