Identification and characterization of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (DHRS3) deficiency, a retinoic acid embryopathy of humans
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose Signaling by the morphogen all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is critical for embryonic development, during which its tissue concentration must be tightly regulated. We investigated 8 sibships (12 individuals) segregating 5 different homozygous variants of dehydrogenase/reductase 3 ( DHRS3 ), which encodes an embryonically expressed enzyme (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3; also termed SDR16C1) that catalyzes the reduction of retinaldehyde to retinol, limiting excessive RA synthesis. Methods We assessed variant pathogenicity using comparative phenotypic and bioinformatic analysis, quantification of DHRS3 expression, and measurement of plasma retinoid metabolites. Results Five homozygotes from 3 families (1 family segregating a deletion of the promoter and 5′-untranslated region of DHRS3 , the other 2 a missense variant p.(Val171Met)), manifested a congruent phenotype, including coronal craniosynostosis, dysmorphic facial features, congenital heart disease (4/5 individuals), and scoliosis (5/5 individuals). Transcription of DHRS3 in whole blood cells from 2 homozygotes for the promoter/5′-untranslated region deletion was 90% to 98% reduced. Cells transfected with a DHRS3-Val171Met construct exhibited reduced retinaldehyde reduction capacity compared with wild-type, yielding reduced retinol and elevated RA; correspondingly, plasma from homozygous patients had significantly reduced retinol and elevated RA (exceeding the normal range), compared with controls and heterozygous relatives. Three additional homozygous missense variants of DHRS3 (p.(Val110Ile), p.(Gly115Asp), and p.(Glu244Gln)) were shown to reduce catalytic activity in vitro and/or in vivo but were associated with normal or different phenotypes that did not meet the threshold to assign likely pathogenicity. Conclusion We define a novel developmental syndrome associated with biallelic hypomorphic variants in DHRS3 ; a careful assessment of individual variants is required to establish a causal link to phenotype.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it