Chloroplast capture creates cryptic lineages with differential geographic patterns in <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (Ericaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi inhabits circumboreal, alpine, and immediate coastal habitats, while the center of diversity of Arctostaphylos is largely restricted to Mediterranean climates of the California Floristic Province. To discover its relationship to other Arctostaphylos species and to determine whether patterns of variation exist across its circumboreal range, we sampled A. uva-ursi extensively and sequenced ITS and a chloroplast locus, rpl32-trnL. In the cpDNA tree and haplotype network, A. uva-ursi samples appear within two distinct lineages corresponding with different, broad geographic regions, suggesting that one lineage originated via chloroplast capture. Thus, A. uva-ursi contains a phylogenetically typical lineage and a cryptic, chloroplast-captured lineage. Both lineages are widespread, but the lineage with the captured chloroplast is principally on the west coast of North America and dominates our collections from Europe, while the other lineage dominates eastern and northern North America, with some samples in Europe as well. The dominance of the west coast lineage in Europe suggests Beringia as a principal, but not exclusive dispersal path. Reproduction between these two lineages may be responsible for the tetraploid populations found throughout the distribution of the species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".