Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies genetic risk factors and implicates multiple body systems in panic attacks and disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear with physical and psychological symptoms, affecting approximately 28% of the population. Panic disorder (3-7% prevalence) involves recurrent attacks with persistent anticipatory worry, functional impairment, and avoidance. We conducted genome-wide association meta-analyses of a broad panic phenotype (panic attacks or panic disorder; 90,840 cases, 201,638 controls), panic disorder (41,721 cases, 201,638 controls), and isolated panic attacks (49,119 cases, 192,885 controls), identifying the first genome-wide significant variants for each trait (25 broad, 15 disorder, 5 attack). Gene-set analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data for the broad phenotype implicated eye, heart, and lung neurons, pointing to sensory processing and interoceptive awareness. These peripheral neuronal associations generalised across psychiatric disorders. These findings offer novel insights into the biological mechanisms underlying panic and the overlooked role of afferent neurons across psychiatric disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".