Bibliographic record
Abstract
Islam is a complete and comprehensive code of life. All the problems of life are covered by its teachings. Islam does not leave a person alone at any point of life, rather it guides him completely. However, the rules of Islam are of two types: (1)Mansoos : The clear solution of which is in the Quran and Sunnah. (2)Ghair Mansoos: the Clear solution of which is not in the Qur’an and Sunnah. The principle of Itehad is applied to the second type of solution. Analogy (Qiyas) is one of these sources. Through qiyas unspecified problems are solved. Qiyas is the fourth important source of Islamic Shariah. It enjoys paramount status after the Holy Quaran,Hadith and Ijma e Umah. Qiyas literally means destiny,the term Analogy on the Basis of common causation ,and issuance of Mansoos order in ghair mansoos،order , or issuing a command clearly stated in the Quran and sunnah and something that doesn’t have a command in Quran and sunnah,or drawing a comparison in order to show similarities in some aspects .For this very reason ,the teachings not found in the Quran ,sunnah and ajmah can be found in Qiyas. So, in this regard, nobody is allowed to do qiyas in matters of religion, it requires high qualifications. That ability is the name of strong access to the Qur’an and Sunnah, those who have these qualifications, are actually mujtahids and a common man who is not well versed in Sharia is not entitled to do Qiyas in this matter.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.980 | 0.985 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".