Emergence delirium in small animals: a first step towards an objective assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Emergence Delirium (ED) is a condition characterized by agitation, confusion and disorientation that can occur in human patients during recovery from anesthesia. In veterinary medicine, a similar phenomenon is observed, but the frequency of occurrence and the characteristics of symptoms are not yet well defined. This study aimed to identify ED symptoms in dogs and cats, explore their occurrence, and recognize related factors. Materials and methods: In this prospective observational study anesthesia providers systematically, recorded symptoms observed in patients during the recovery phase following anesthesia. The study was divided into three phases. Phase 1: a group of six veterinary anesthesiologists created a list of symptoms possibly related to ED in small animals.Phase 2: demographic and anesthesia-related data were collected for dogs and cats undergoing general anesthesia at the veterinary teaching hospital of the University of Bern between May 2022 and January 2023. The occurrence of ED symptoms was analyzed and based on the occurrence of the listed ED symptoms, animals were assigned to 2 groups: NED group (No-ED group; less than four symptoms observed); ED group (four or more symptoms observed). Phase 3: a logistic regression analysis was performed to explore potential associations between ED occurrence and subject or anesthesia related factors. Results: Phase 1: based on expert agreement, six symptoms were selected: nystagmus, paddling, opisthotonos, uncoordinated/violent movement, vocalization, and biting. Phase 2: data were recorded from 184 animals (139 dogs, 45 cats). The most common ED symptoms occurring were uncoordinated movement (41%), vocalization (36%) and paddling (30%). More than half of the study population (104/184, 57%) showed at least one symptom of ED; 14% (26/184) of the animals were included in the ED group. Phase 3: no association between subject or anesthesia related factors and the occurrence of ED was found in the univariable analysis. Conclusion: Based on the proposed list of symptoms, post anesthetic ED seems to occur frequently in small animals. The observations conducted in the present study can help further evaluation of this phenomenon in dogs and cats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".