Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Oral Cavity SCC With Minor and Major Extranodal Extension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance: Extranodal extension (ENE) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a poor prognostic feature and an indication for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. ENE is stratified into minor (≤2 mm) or major (>2 mm) extent. The role of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, particularly for the minor ENE subgroup, is unclear. Objective: To determine the impact of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy on oncological outcomes depending on the extent of ENE. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted across 4 high-volume head and neck surgery centers in Australia, the US, and Canada. The study included patients with surgically resected OSCC with pathologic positive nodal disease treated between 2005 and 2018. Statistical analysis took place between 2022 and 2025; final follow-up was in 2022. Exposures: Extent of ENE was restaged on archived tissue. Adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy was recommended per standard guidelines. Outcomes: Univariable and multivariable analysis were used to assess the effect of chemotherapy for the entire group and for propensity score-matched cohorts on locoregional control (LRC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) stratified by minor vs major ENE. Results: A total of 755 patients (mean [SD] age, 61.7 [12.9] years; 36% female) were included in the study: 126 (17%) with minor ENE and 243 (32%) with major ENE. A total of 50 (39.7%) patients with minor ENE and 116 (47.8%) with major ENE received adjuvant chemotherapy. On multivariable analysis, chemotherapy was not associated with improved LRC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07 [95% CI, 0.49-2.32]), DFS (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.56-1.66]), or OS (HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.55-1.73]) in patients with minor ENE. However, in patients with major ENE, chemotherapy improved DFS (HR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.41-0.81]) and OS (HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.38-0.98]). In propensity score-matched cohorts, chemotherapy did not improve LRC (71% vs 75%; difference, 4% [95% CI, -18% to 26%]), DFS (56% vs 56%; difference, 0% [95% CI, -25% to 25%]), or OS (57% vs 57%; difference, 0% [95% CI, -25% to 25%]) for patients with minor ENE, but improved DFS (33% vs 11%; difference, 22% [95% CI, 5%-38%]) and OS (41% vs 15%; difference, 26% [95% CI, 8%-44%]) but not LRC (61% vs 62%; difference, 1% [95% CI, -17% to 21%]) in patients with major ENE. Conclusions: This multicenter cohort study found that in patients with OSCC, adjuvant chemotherapy is beneficial in patients with major ENE, but may not be beneficial in patients with minor ENE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".