Tackling Voids in Observations: An Approach to Reconstruct Rainfall <sup>35</sup>S Time Series from Proxy Parameters
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Due to its short half-life (87.4 days) and omnipresence, cosmogenic radio-sulfur ( 35 S) is an attractive tracer for investigating subyearly groundwater residence times. 35 S is transported to the lower atmosphere by large-scale air mass circulation and transferred to groundwater by precipitation. For groundwater dating, the variability of 35 S concentration in precipitation requires a 35 S input function. However, the required 35 S data are often not available. To fill this gap, we present an approach to reconstructing 35 S concentrations in precipitation based on proxy parameters of better availability. The tested parameters include natural 7 Be and 3 H, parameters that allow quantifying cosmogenic 35 S production, and parameters that are correlated to the intensity of 35 S washout from the atmosphere. In comparison with an unrivaled 4 year time series of 35 S in precipitation, we discuss the correlations of all parameters with 35 S, assess their individual applicability as 35 S proxies, and evaluate the predictive power of joint data sets in varying combination. As a result, we present a modeling approach that allows reconstruction of a 35 S input function with a monthly temporal resolution based on proxy parameters. This novel modeling approach provides a valuable tool for groundwater dating using 35 S as a tracer in studies that lack directly measured 35 S input data.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it