Associations of dietary patterns and obesity development in school‐aged children: results from the <scp>CHILD</scp> Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to understand data-driven dietary patterns in Canadian preschoolers and their impact on obesity development among male and female individuals. METHODS: In the prospective, population-based Canadian pregnancy cohort, the CHILD Cohort Study (N = 2219), dietary intake was assessed at age 3 years using a previously developed 112-item food frequency questionnaire. At age 5 years, we measured height, weight, and waist circumference and calculated BMI and waist circumference z scores. Obesity was defined as BMI z score > 2. We used principal components analysis to derive dietary patterns and multivariable-adjusted regression analyses to determine dietary patterns' associations with BMI and waist circumference z scores, as well as obesity status. RESULTS: Among Canadian preschoolers, we identified three dietary patterns: "Prudent" (high in vegetables, fruits, legumes, and fish); "Western-like" (high in fast foods, red/processed meats, and carbonated drinks); and "Refined Grain-Snack" (high in refined grains, dairy, and salty snacks). At age 5 years, 4.7% of the children were living with obesity (3.1% male individuals and 1.6% female individuals). Females adhering to the Refined Grain-Snack pattern had higher waist circumference z scores (β = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.03-0.25) and 2.74-fold odds of living with obesity (95% CI: 1.29-5.85). No significant associations were observed among male individuals or with other dietary patterns and obesity outcomes among female individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Preschool dietary patterns are associated with sex-biased obesity development, highlighting the need for further research to explore these differences and inform targeted obesity prevention strategies during this important developmental period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".