Assessment of antifungal potential of biocontrol agents and fungicides against Fusarium wilt of cotton
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease is a most common disease of cotton in Pakistan. Antifungal potential of fungal biocontrol agents, PGPRs and fungicides was assessed for the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, cause of cotton wilt disease. The antifungal properties of three species of Trichoderma, i.e., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, and Trichoderma aureoviride were investigated by employing the dual culture method. T. aureoviride showed maximum inhibition (81.17%) followed by T. viride (69.41%) and T. harzianum (38.21%) after 9 days. Four PGPRs were evaluated against F. oxysporum alone and in different combinations. In case of PGPRs, the best inhibition (68.13%) was observed when the Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobacter strains, Pseudomonas putida and Enterobacter strains were applied in combination after 9 days with minimum colony diameter (1.98cm). Six different fungicides were tested i.e. Score® 250EC (Difenoconizole), Amistar Top 325 SC (Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole), Nanok® 25% SC (Azoxystrobin + Flutriafol), Nativo® 75% WG (Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin), Vangard® 25% EC (Triadimenol) and Triger® 25% EC (Tebuconazole) at 40, 50, and 60ppm concentrations against F. oxysporum. Score exhibited maximum pathogen inhibition (40.95%) followed by Nanok (40.63%) at 60ppm after a period of 9 days. Similarly, minimum colony diameter (3.83cm) and (3.87cm) of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum was recorded in Score and Nanok treated plates, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".