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Record W4411438001 · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104131

A typology of water-energy-food nexus research

2025· article· en· W4411438001 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueEnvironmental Science & Policy · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicWater-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Waterloo
Fundersnot available
KeywordsNexus (standard)TypologyWater energyFood energyBusinessEnvironmental economicsEnvironmental scienceNatural resource economicsEconomicsGeographyComputer scienceChemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus was introduced as an approach to address the combined water, energy, and food security challenges of the late 2000s. As an integrated approach, the WEF nexus combines these three resources together to measure and manage the trade-offs, co-benefits, and relationships between them and to integrate collaboration and policy between their related governance sectors. However, scholars have noted that a key challenge in the literature is a lack of a clear and consistent definition of the WEF nexus. With the volume and diversity of WEF nexus publications, a single definition may no longer be sufficient. Therefore, this perspective article addresses this limitation by developing a typology of the WEF nexus to categorize the framings and definitions of WEF nexus research. This typology provides clarity both in designing future WEF nexus research projects and in categorizing existing research. It develops the typology across two categories: the level of integration within the research design (as multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary integration) and the weighting of the three sectors (whether water, energy, and food are all considered equally or whether one sector is emphasized over the other two). By using these two dimensions, this article develops a typology with six categories of the WEF nexus. Scholars may use this typology to accurately and consistently describe and design WEF nexus research within the specific context of their research study.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.469
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0010.008
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.003
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.020
GPT teacher head0.298
Teacher spread0.278 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it