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Record W4411438597 · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100230

Challenging lexical coverage conventions: Evaluating the vocabulary demands of family-genre film and television

2025· article· en· W4411438597 on OpenAlexaff
Brett Milliner, Geoffrey G. Pinchbeck

Bibliographic record

VenueResearch Methods in Applied Linguistics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicSecond Language Acquisition and Learning
Canadian institutionsCarleton University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsVocabularyLinguisticsComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The contribution of studies investigating lexical coverage to the field of applied linguistics cannot be understated. Lexical coverage research has helped establish the vocabulary knowledge most essential for second language (L2) comprehension and elevate the importance of high-frequency vocabulary knowledge acquisition. Approaches to lexical coverage research have, however, begun to come under closer scrutiny in recent studies, with some experts questioning the accuracy of coverage estimates. Understanding these limitations, the current study applies an alternative approach to evaluating the lexical knowledge required to comprehend the OPUS-family-genre corpus, a collection of closed captions from 1597 family-genre films and television programs (10,744,767 tokens). In contrast to previous conventions that used band-based (1000-word) predictions of lexical coverage, in this study, coverage is evaluated at the individual word-unit level. It compares the coverage provided by four word lists: (1) a lemma list derived from tagging the OPUS-family-genre corpus, (2) a flemma list, and two word-family lists, (3) the BNC, and (4) the BNC/COCA. The study also models how a part-of-speech lexical tagger (TagAnt) can be used to evaluate lemma-based lexical coverage. The analysis revealed that English language learners will know 90, 95, and 98% of the running words appearing in family-genre films and television if they know the first 855, 2005, and 4393 flemmas, from the attached word lists. More simply, knowing the first 900 words from our supplementary word frequency lists would enable English language learners to start viewing family-genre films and television.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.014
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.010
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.848
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0140.010
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.241
GPT teacher head0.609
Teacher spread0.369 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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