Three-Dimensional Minute-Scale Displacement of Fels Slide Measured With Multistation <i>Ku</i>-Band Ground-Based Radar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fels slide is an active deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DGSD) in the northern slope of the Fels Glacier Valley, Alaska. Proximity to critical infrastructure of the Richardson Highway and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline makes this landslide a prime target for detailed monitoring. This study aims to show the potential of measuring slow, short-term three-dimensional slope deformations with ground-based interferometric real aperture radars. We present a methodological framework for processing ground-based radar data that corrects complex atmospheric effects to uncover the relatively small sub-daily deformation rates of the Fels slide and similar DGSDs. We acquired high temporal resolution ground-based interferometric real aperture radar images from two Ku-band GAMMA Remote Sensing portable radar interferometers (GPRIs) installed on a stable slope facing the slide, operating at five-minute sampling interval over multi-day periods in July 2017 and 2018. Line of sight (LOS) deformations derived from the differential interferometric phase of the acquired images for both stations were affected by atmospheric water vapor in complicated ways. We developed and applied a novel comprehensive multi-step correction scheme to remove atmospheric bias, including separate corrections of static, dynamic (turbulent), and fog bank-induced contributions. The proposed method achieves significant improvements in the accuracy of the retrieved LOS displacement for the actively deforming regions of the landslide. After geocoding, the corrected LOS deformations from the two stations were combined with an additional motion direction constraint from repeat light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements over a longer 2- year period to invert three-dimensional motion vectors. We used regularization to robustly mitigate the sub-optimal observation geometry caused by logistical constraints on station placement. Our results reveal hitherto unknown spatial details and sub-daily temporal variations of the three-dimensional deformation field of Fels slide and provide new insights into its failure mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".