The innate immune receptor NLRX1 is a novel required modulator for mPTP opening: implications for cardioprotection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NLRX1 is the only NOD-like innate immune receptor that localises to mitochondria. We previously demonstrated that NLRX1 deletion increased infarct size in isolated mouse hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI); however, underlying mechanisms are yet to be identified. Given the crucial role played by mitochondria in cardiac IRI, we here hypothesise that NLRX1 affects key mechanisms of cardiac IRI. Cardiac IRI was evaluated in isolated C57BL/6J (WT) and NLRX1 knock out (KO) mouse hearts. The following known modulators of IRI were explored in isolated hearts, isolated mitochondria; or permeabilised cardiac fibres: 1) mTOR/RISK/autophagy regulation, 2) AMPK and mitochondrial energy production, and 3) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. NLRX1 deletion increased IRI, and cardiac NLRX1 was decreased after IRI in mouse and pig hearts. NLRX1 ablation caused decreased mTOR and RISK pathway (Akt, ERK, and S6K) activation following IR, without affecting autophagy/inflammation/oxidative stress markers. The RISK activator Urocortin dissipated NLRX1 effects on mTOR, RISK pathway and IRI, indicating that increased cardiac IRI with NLRX1 deletion is, at least partly, due to impaired RISK activation. The energy sensor AMPK was activated in NLRX1 KO hearts, possibly due to slowed mitochondrial respiratory responses (impaired mitochondrial permeability) towards palmitoylcarnitine in permeabilised cardiac fibres. NLRX1 deletion completely abolished calcium-induced mPTP opening, and cyclosporine A (CsA) effects on mPTP, both before and after IR, and was associated with increased mitochondrial calcium content after IR. Mitochondrial sub-fractionation studies localised NLRX1 to the inner mitochondrial membrane. NLRX1 deletion associated with decreased phosphorylation of mitochondrial Got2, Cx43, Myl2, Ndufb7 and MICOS10. The mPTP inhibitor CsA abolished IRI differences between KO and WT hearts, suggesting that the permanent closure of mPTP due to NLRX1 deletion contributed to the increased IR sensitivity of NLRX1 KO hearts. This is the first demonstration that the mitochondrial NLRX1 is a novel factor required for mPTP opening and contributes to cardioprotection against acute IRI through RISK pathway activation and prevention of permanent mPTP closure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".