Arm Differences in Muscle Activity Characteristics During a Bilateral Simulated Overhead Work in Right-Handed and Ambidextrous Individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Occupational ApplicationsIn this study, healthy adults performed repetitive bilateral overhead shoulder flexion to fatigue-failure while we measured electromyography of shoulder muscles. We found that ambidextrous and right-handed individuals, especially females, exhibit asymmetrical muscle activation patterns during the task. To enhance worker health and safety, handedness and sex should be considered when implementing workplace changes. For instance, our results may imply that job rotation strategies that alternate use of hands would be easier to implement for males. Moreover, to minimize risk of injury, bilateral asymmetry in muscle activity could be monitored using wearable technology. In our experiment, the mean time to fatigue-failure was under 5 min, which was enough to elicit asymmetry of muscle activation. Therefore, we recommend frequent breaks after a few minutes of work when feasible, in order to avoid asymmetrical loadings during bilateral manual work, especially among females, who both have higher injury risk and more bilateral asymmetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".