Superresolution THz pulsed solid immersion microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A reflection-mode THz pulsed solid immersion (SI) microscope is developed to combine the superresolution capabilities of SI optics and the advanced information content offered by THz pulsed imaging. It uses a wide-aperture silicon SI lens and a pair of photoconductive antennas (PCAs—i.e., an emitter and a detector of broadband THz pulses) to perform superresolution THz spectral imaging. By raster scanning of a sample, the 3D image is collected that can be represented in the time or frequency domains, with diverse opportunities for the THz signal analysis. The microscope resolution δ depends on the THz data presentation. When analyzed in the time domain, the resolution is 0.136λc–0.20λc (the wavelength λc≈360 μm corresponds to the carrier frequency νc≈0.83 THz). In the spectral domain (the 0.5–1.7 THz frequency range), it is 0.147λ–0.304λ and 0.047λ–0.156λ in the amplitude and phase detection modes, respectively. The superior phase-domain resolution is attributed to the nonlinearity of the phase image formation procedure. The ability of THz pulsed SI microscopy to resolve subwavelength features of an object and collect the related local spectral data makes it suitable for various applications where THz spectral imaging on the ∼10–100 μm scale is required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".