Core-shell ZnO@TiO2 in water-based nanofluid for enhancing finned tube heat exchanger effectiveness
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the thermal characteristics and stability of nanofluid dispersions using a core-shell composite of ZnO@TiO 2 in a finned tube heat exchanger. Efforts to enhance the stability of ZnO nanoparticle dispersion were undertaken by depositing hydrophilic TiO 2 nanoparticles with variations of three times the amount of deposition. The resulting 300 – 390 nm spherical aggregates of ZnO@TiO 2 were then dissolved in water base fluid at low concentrations, ranging from 0.025-0.1% by weight, as nanofluid in the finned tube heat exchanger. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity as well as the dispersion stability of ZnO@TiO 2 nanofluid can be controlled by TiO 2 layer thickness, where two layers of TiO 2 increased dispersion stability by up to 10.3 times compared to ZnO nanofluid at a mass fraction of 0.1%. Also, the thermal conductivity of ZnO nanofluid is enhanced from 1.15 W/m⋅K to 1.28 W/m⋅K. The LMTD-based heat transfer effectiveness of the heat exchanger shows that ZnO nanofluid provided the best effectiveness of 34.2% at the highest mass fraction. Nonetheless, the ZnO@TiO 2 core-shell nanofluid is considered optimum nanofluid condition since it is not only able to enhance the heat exchanger effectiveness up to 31.7% but also to reduce the fouling factor in the heat exchanger due to the more stable dispersion in water base fluid.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it