Evaluation of aflatoxin M1 binding capacity of kefir exopolysaccharides produced with different fermentation media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kefir-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS) show promise for reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy. This study assessed the AFM1 retention capacity of freeze-dried EPS (FS) from kefir grains cultured in milk (FS-M) and secondary whey (FS-SW). Both had similar carbohydrate levels, but FS-M contained three times more protein, while FS-SW had 45% higher ash. AFM1 binding was tested in buffer (pH 6.8, 1.0 μg/L AFM1) using 0.5–3.0% FS over 3–24 h. FS-M (1%) retained 52.2% of AFM1 after 24 h, outperforming FS-SW (34.2%), likely due to its higher protein content. HPLC revealed unique protein-associated peaks, suggesting protein involvement in binding. Kefir EPS, especially high-molecular-weight polysaccharides like kefiran, could be effective AFM1-filtering additives in dairy. Further research on extraction and practical applications is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".