In‐Situ Heating X‐Ray Diffraction of LiNi <sub>0.6</sub> Mn <sub>0.3</sub> Co <sub>0.1</sub> O <sub>2</sub> and LiNi <sub>0.7</sub> Mn <sub>0.3</sub> O <sub>2</sub> Made Using the All‐Dry Synthesis Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In‐situ synthesis X‐ray diffraction is conducted at the Canadian Light Source to probe phase changes during the all‐dry synthesis of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.3 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC631) and LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NM73) made using either LiOH·H 2 O or Li 2 CO 3 . All materials are heated up to 950 °C and held for one hour at 950 °C under flowing oxygen. The pathway to a layered phase is similar for all samples. First, a lithiated manganese oxide phase is formed at low temperature, then cations are incorporated into a rock salt phase from ≈420 °C. A spinel intermediary phase is formed before cation ordering occurs between Li and transition metal ions above 800 °C, giving rise to the intended layered hexagonal structure. Amongst the three materials tested, the layered phase of NMC631 (made using LiOH·H 2 O) evolves at the lowest temperature of ≈820 °C and refines rapidly during the high temperature hold. The melting of LiOH coincides nicely with the oxidation of Ni, which forms the basis for the rock salt structure. It is postulated that the molten LiOH facilitates cation diffusion into the rock salt phase, allowing for an earlier formation of the layered phase in comparison to using Li 2 CO 3 , which has a higher decomposition temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".