Effects of Fish Oil Replacement With Degossypolized Cottonseed Oil on Growth Performance, Proximate Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Liver Function of Large Yellow Croaker ( <i>Larimichthys crocea</i> ) Juvenile
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea , to evaluate the effects of degossypolized cottonseed oil (DCSO) as a potential replacement for fish oil (FO). Five isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isolipidic (13% crude fat) diets were formulated where DCSO replaced FO at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (DCSO0, DCSO25, DCSO50, DCSO75, and DCSO100) to determine their effects on growth performance, feed utilization and tissue lipid compositions of experimental fish. The initial body weight of the experimental fish was 8.28 ± 0.99 g. Results showed that substituting up to 50% of FO with DCSO does not significantly affect the fish’s survival rate (SR), growth performance, or proximate composition. However, exceeding a 50% replacement significantly decreases ( p < 0.05) growth performance and feed efficiency. Additionally, significant increases ( p < 0.05) in viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) are observed at higher DCSO inclusion levels. Fatty acid analysis shows that DCSO is rich in n ‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Still, low in n ‐3 PUFA alters fatty acid profiles in the liver and muscle, resulting in elevated total cholesterol (T‐CHO), triglycerides (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels, alongside increased activities of liver enzymes, indicating compromised liver function. While antioxidant enzyme levels remain stable, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels rise, suggesting elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, lipase activity declines significantly ( p < 0.05) at 50% FO replacement, with upregulated lipid synthesis genes ( srebp1 , fatp1 , fas , and ppar-α ) leading to higher lipid accumulation. Inflammatory response gene expression is also significantly affected, showing amplified pro‐inflammatory ( ifnγ , il-1β , and tnfα ) and decreased anti‐inflammatory ( il-10 , arg-1 , tgfβ ) cytokines at higher DCSO levels. In conclusion, while up to 50% replacement of FO with DCSO is acceptable, surpassing this threshold adversely affects growth, liver function, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses in juvenile large yellow croaker.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".