Streamflow generation, hydroclimatic changes, and flood mechanisms in the Sheep River basin on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rockies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Study region The Sheep River basin on the Canadian Rockies’ Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains, whose upper basins are unregulated and undeveloped. Study focus We investigated streamflow generation, hydroclimatic changes, and flood-generating mechanisms using parsimonious statistical methods and over 50 years of hydroclimate data at multiple spatial (sub-basin and entire basin) and temporal (annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily) scales. New hydrological insights for the region The upper mountainous basin generated ∼95 % of open-water streamflow, with ∼66 % from the upper-south basin, where rain, snowmelt, and the streamflow coefficient were higher. Annual and open-water precipitation declined in the lower basin, but overwinter precipitation slightly increased basin-wide. Overwinter snowpack loss increased in the lower basin, and snowpack loss seasonality weakened. Air temperature increased across all basins. Despite these climatic changes, streamflow remained unchanged, likely due to groundwater’s buffering effect. Open-water streamflow was primarily driven by rainfall, with additional rapid and slow snowmelt contributions. Overwinter streamflow was predominantly sustained by groundwater, but early snowmelt also contributed. Finally, extreme floods were triggered by heavy precipitation, although high antecedent basin wetness conditions influenced all floods. These findings highlight (i) the importance of mountainous basins in streamflow generation, (ii) the key role of groundwater on streamflow, and (iii) the need to consider complex and diverse hydrologic processes for water supply and flood management in the Sheep River basin under climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".