Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense systems to combat phage infections. In the cheese industry, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for milk fermentation continuously face threats from phages. Therefore, selecting or developing industrial strains with enhanced phage resistance requires a focus on robust defense systems. Among these systems, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) are notably prevalent in LAB. The early characterization of this adaptive immune system was closely tied to the cheese industry, particularly with Streptococcus thermophilus in which CRISPR-Cas systems are ubiquitous and highly active. This review underscores the contributions of S. thermophilus and its virulent phages to our understanding of the function and mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas systems. Additionally, we review the diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in LAB used in the cheese industry, the counter-defense strategies employed by dairy phages, and the applications of CRISPR-Cas systems within this sector.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".